Michigan

The Biennial Precinct Report assigns every one of 4,340 precincts to a voting system — Dominion 2,628, Hart 1,160, ES&S 552 — with registered and active voters on each. Almost nowhere else in this corpus is equipment recoverable at all, let alone at precinct granularity from a statutory report. A schema that has no place for equipment discards a first-class published fact here, and one that models it as a state or county attribute cannot represent a county running two systems.

Wayne County's 847 precincts are split between Dominion and Hart. Macomb, Bay, St Clair and Leelanau pair Dominion with ES&S; Allegan, Clinton, Eaton and Monroe pair Dominion with Hart. Meanwhile Oakland, the second-largest county, is entirely Hart. A county-keyed equipment field is wrong for nine counties covering roughly a third of the state's voters, and picking the majority vendor per county silently mislabels hundreds of precincts.

Michigan reports active registered voters and all registered voters as separate columns for every county, three times a year. In November 2025 that is 7,339,283 against 8,260,991 — an 11.2% difference, and it varies from 6.8% in Livingston to 18.5% in Gogebic. A turnout rate computed against the wrong column moves by more than eleven points statewide and by more than eleven again between counties, and neither number is labelled as the default.

The 2024 precinct report counts 8,318,875 registered and 7,072,377 active. The November 2025 registration file counts 8,260,991 registered and 7,339,283 active. Total registration fell by 57,884 while the active roll rose by 266,906 — list maintenance moving people between statuses and off the roll entirely, in opposite directions at once. A trend line drawn through either column alone tells a story the other column contradicts.

1,240 townships and 533 cities and villages tile the state beneath 83 counties, so no territory belongs only to a county. Pipelines built on states where municipalities are islands in county-administered space have the containment wrong, and address resolution that falls back to the county when no municipality matches will resolve to a township instead. Michigan is the reference case for this shape and roughly a third of the corpus repeats it.

The state's registration totals give county, month and status and nothing else — there is no party breakdown, because Michigan does not register voters by party. Any pipeline with a required party field has nothing to write for 8.2 million records, and any partisan universe built from registration cannot be built here. Michigan shares this with Washington, and Hawaii and Vermont sit near it for different reasons, so the absence is a family trait rather than a one-off.

Precincts and equipment come from the Biennial Precinct Report, published June 2025 describing the 2024 cycle. Registration comes from a separate file updated three times a year, most recently November 2025. Joining them gives a county its precinct count from one date and its voters from another, seventeen months apart, and nothing in either file warns the reader. The ledger on this page does exactly that join and says so.

Michigan administers 83 counties, the 2024 gazetteer lists 83 county-equivalents, and the Census counts 83 county governments. Three-way agreement, no consolidated city-county, no gap. Across this corpus the Census diverges only where consolidation or abolition has occurred — Colorado, Montana, Nevada, California, Hawaii and Alaska on one side, Connecticut and Rhode Island at zero on the other — so a Census reconciliation is safe here for a reason knowable before it is run.